Pipe Fittings

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What is Pipe Fittings?

Pipe fittings basically include the range of components that are used to connect pipe ends for in-line, multi-port, offset and mounting configurations. Pipe fitting cross sections are mostly, but not always, circular in shape to match with the pipe section with which they are connected. Pipes can be metallic or plastic and pipe fittings vary depending on the type of pipe used.
Pipe fittings are used for various purposes. They can be used to extend or terminate pipe runs, change a pipe’s direction, to connect two or more pipes and to change the pipe size.

Materials for Pipe Fittings

Types of Pipe Fittings

Elbows

Such pipe fittings are used to change the direction of the flow. ElbowsThey are majorly available in two standard types – 90 and 45 degree angles owing to their high demand in plumbing. The 90 degree elbow is primarily used to connect hoses to water pumps, valves, and deck drains, while the 45 degree elbow is mostly used in water supply facilities, electronic and chemical industrial pipeline networks, food, air-conditioning pipelines, garden production, agriculture, and solar-energy facility.

Couplings

A coupling is a pipe fitting used to stop leakages Couplings in broken or damaged pipes. The pipes to be connected should be of the same diameter. The two kinds of couplings used in plumbing are regular coupling and slip coupling. The regular coupling is arranged between the two pipes to prevent further leakages with the help of rubber seals or gaskets on the both sides. The slip coupling itself contains two pipes to repair the damaged lengthy pipes.

Union

This type of pipe fitting is almost similar union to coupling in terms of functions, but just with a difference, i.e. a union can be removed easily any time while the coupling cannot. A variety of dielectric unions are used to join pipes made of different materials to avoid any kind of galvanic corrosion between them. These pipe fittings comprise of a nut, female and male ended threads.

Adapters

Adapters are connected to pipes to either increase their Adapters lengths or if pipes do not have appropriate ends. These pipe fittings make the ends of the pipe either male or female threaded as per the need. This permits unlike pipes to be connected without any need of extensive setup. They are mostly used for PVC and copper pipes.

Nipple

This is a short butt of a pipe that works as a connectionNipple between two other fittings having male threads. A close nipple is a type of pipe fitting having continuous threading on them. They are mostly used in hoses and plumbing.

Reducer

This pipe setting is used to reduce the flow size of the pipe from the bigger to smaller one. There are two kinds of reducers- concentric reducer and eccentric reducer. ReducerThe former one is in the shape of a cone used for gradual reducing of the size of the pipe. The latter one has its one edge facing the mouth of theconnecting pipe reducing the chances of air accumulation.

Tee

This T-shaped pipe fitting used in the plumbingtee system has one inlet and two outlets arranged at an angle of 90 degrees to the main pipe. This kind of fitting is used to connect the two pipes and make their flow direction as one. If all the three sides of this fitting are same in size, it is called equal tee, otherwise unequal tee.

Cross

This type of pipe fitting containscross four openings in all thefour major directions. This fitting is adjoined to four pipes meeting at common point. There is either one inlet and three outlets or vice-versa to flow water or any other liquid in four different directions. These kinds of pipe fittings are commonly used in fire sprinkler systems.

Applications of Pipe Fittings

Selection Criteria for Pipe Fittings

Connection types

When purchasing pipe fittings, you should be aware of the fact that a fitting can have two different connector types

  •  One end of the fitting might be female threaded while the other female threaded.

  • One end might be a male slip while the other end is threaded, in the case of plastic fittings.

  • They can also have matching ends that can accommodate any requirement

Materials of construction

As a rule, the pipe fitting should be of the same material as the material used in the making of the pipe in which it is to be fitted. However, in some cases, materials conforming to certain codes or standards can also be used in pipes of another material.

Check for flow

To keep the flow consistent, the ends of pipe fittings should be slightly larger than the rest of the pipe so that they can accommodate connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe.

Type of fitting

Besides pipe materials, pipe fittings are identified by the type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female.

Size

When measuring the size of pipe fittings, it is to be noted that the male threaded fittings are measured to the outside edge or OD, while female fittings are measured to the inside edge of the inlet or ID.

Thickness

Just as pipes are available in a number of different thicknesses or “schedules”, so also the pipe fittings.

Design

Each pipe or tube is designed to carry certain specific types of fluids, liquids, gases, chemicals under varying conditions. Accordingly, the pipe fittings are also available in variety of designs.

Standards and codes

There are certain standards and codes set by various organizations by which the different pipe fittings are graded. For example, ASTM, ASME, BSP etc. are certain standards assigned to pipe fittings and those standards dictate their use.

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